Refine your search
Collections
Co-Authors
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z All
Chakraborthy, G. S.
- Phytosomes:A Brief Overview
Abstract Views :423 |
PDF Views:90
Authors
Affiliations
1 B.S.Anangpuria Institute of Pharmacy, Alampur, Faridabad - 121004, Haryana, IN
2 NIET School of Pharmacy, Greater Noida - 201306, Uttar Pradesh, IN
1 B.S.Anangpuria Institute of Pharmacy, Alampur, Faridabad - 121004, Haryana, IN
2 NIET School of Pharmacy, Greater Noida - 201306, Uttar Pradesh, IN
Source
Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Vol 15, No 2 (2016), Pagination: 56-62Abstract
Phytoconstituents have been used in medicine since ancient times due to their various pharmacological actions. Inspite having excellent bio-activity of plant extract and their phytoconstituents in vitro they have no in vivo actions due to their poor lipid solubility or inappropriate molecular size or both, which results in their poor absorption andlower bioavailability. Phytosomes are the novel formulation technology which helps to overcome these problems.Phytosomes are produced by a process whereby a standardized plant extract or its constituents are bound to phospholipids; mainly phosphotidylcholine, producing a lipid compatible complex. The phytosome technology has been applied over many popular herbal drugs such as Ginko biloba, hawthorn, olive oil, grape seed, green tea and ginseng. This article reviews the recent trends in phytosomes drug delivery.Keywords
Phytosomes, Bioavailability, Plant Extract, Drug Delivery.References
- Cott J. Natural product formulations available in europe for ps y chot ropi c indi cat ions. Psychopharmacol Bull.1995;31:745.
- Manach C, Scalbert A, Morand C. Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:727-747.
- Bhattacharya S. Phytosomes: Emerging strategy in delivery of herbal Drugs and Nutraceuticals. Pharma Times.2009;41(3): 9-13.
- Macsarel la S. Therapeut ic and antilipoperoxidant effects of sylibin phosphatidylcholine complex in chronic liver disease , Preliminary results. Curr Ther Res.1993; 98-102.
- Jain N.Phytosome:A Novel Drug Delivery System for Herbal Medicine. Int J Pharm Sci Drug Res. 2010;2:224-228.
- Gandhi A. Recent Trends of Phytosomes for delivering herbal Extract with improved Bioavailability. J Pharmacogn and Phytochem. 2012;4(1):6-12
- Bombardelli E, Curri SB, Della RL, Del NP, Tubaro A, Garibold P. Complexes between phospholipids and vegetal derivatives of biological interest. Fitoterapia.1989;60:1-9.
- Bombardelli E.Phytosome: new cosmetic delivery system.Boll Chim Farm.1991;130(11):431-38.
- Bombardelli E, Spelta M. Phospholipidpolyphenol complexes:A new concept in skin care ingredients.Cosm & Toil.1991; 106(3):69-76.
- Murray D.Phytosomes-Increase the absorption of herbal extract. Available from:www.doctomurrray.com/articles/silybin.htm. [last accessed on 2008 Sep 28].
- Bombardelli E, Mustich G.Bilobalide phospholipid complex, their uses and formulation containing them.U.S.Patent US EPO-275005;1991.
- Franco PG, Bombardelli E. Complex compounds of bioflavonoids with phospholipids, their preparation and uses and pharmaceutical and cosmetic compositions containing them. U.S. Patent No-EPO 275005;1998
- Sharma S, Sikarwar M. Phytosome: A review. Plant indica.2005;1(2): 1-3.
- Naik SR, Panda VS. Hepatoprotective effect of Ginkoselect phytosome in rifampicin induced liver injury in rats: evidence of antioxidant activity. Fitoterapia.2008;79:439-445.
- Sharma S, Roy RK. Phytosomes: An Emerging Technology.Int J Phar Res Dev.2010;2(5) :2.
- Manthena S, Srinivas P, Sadanandam. Phytosome in herbal drug delivery. J Nat Pharm. 2010;1(1): 16.
- Amin T, Bhat S. A review on phytosome technology as a novel approach to improve the bioavailability of nutraceuticals. Int J Adv Res Tech.2012;1:1-15.
- Jain NK. Liposomes as drug carriers, controlled and novel drug delivery. CBS publisher; 2005, 308.
- Marena C, Lampertico M. Preliminary clinical development of silipide: A new complex of silybin in toxic liver disorders. Planta Med. 1991; 57: A124-A125.
- Amin T, Bhat S. A Review on phytosome technology as a novel approach to improve the bioavailability of nutraceuticals. Int J Adv Res & Tech.2012;1:1-15.
- Maiti K, Mukherjee K, Gantait A, Saha BP, Mukherjee PK. Curcumin phospholipid complex: preparation, therapeutic evaluation and pharmacokinetic study in rats. Int J Pharm. 2007; 330(1):155-163.
- Maiti K, Mukherjee K, Gantait A. Enhanced therapeutic potential of naringenin-phospholipid complex in rats.J Pharm Pharmacol. 2006; 58(9) : 1227-1233.
- Yanyu X, Yunmei S, Zhipeng C. The preparation of silybin-phospholipid complex and the study on its pharmacokinetics in rats. Int J Pharm. 2006 ; 307:77-82.
- Bombardelli E, Curri SB, Gariboldi P. Cosmetic utilization of complexes of Panax ginseng saponins with phospholipids in PHYTOSOME® form.Fitoterapia.1989;60:55–70.
- Bombardelli E, Curri SB, Della LR, Del NP, Tubaro A, Gariboldi P. Anti-inflammatory activity of 18-âglycyrrhetinic acid in PHYTOSOME® form. Fitoterapia.1989;60:29–37.
- Bombardelli E, Della LR, Del NP, Tubaro A, Gariboldi P, Piergentili A.Topical antiinflammatory activity of complexes of escin and sterols with phospholipids part. Fitoterapia.1989;60:39–44.
- Gabetta B, Zini GF, Pifferi G. Spectroscopic studies on IdB 1016, a new flavolignan complex. Planta Med .1989;55:615.
- Franceschi F, Giori A. A phospholipid complex of olive fruits or leaves extracts having improved bioavailability.EP1844785.2007.
- Di Pierro F. Compositions comprising Ginko biloba derivatives for the treatment of asthmatic and allergic conditions.EP1813280.2007.
- Bertell V. Fatty acid monoesters of sorbityl furfural and compositions for cosmetic and dermatological use.EP1690862.2006.
- Doering T, Traeger A,Waldmann-Laue M. Cosmetic and dermatological composition for the treatment of aging or photo damaged skin. EP1640041.2006.
- Kleinman HK, Goldstein AL.Treatment of skin, and wound repair, with thymosin beta 4. U. S. Patent No-20070015698.2007.
- Khare AB. Soluble isoflavone compositions. WO/2004/ 045541, 2004.
- Merizzi G. An anti-oxidant preparation based on plant extracts for the treatment of circulation and adiposity problems.EP1214084.2002.
- Bombardelli E, Patri GF, Pozzi R. Complexes of saponins with phospholipids and pharmaceutical and cosmetic compositions containing them. EP0283713.1988.
- Bombardelli E. Phytosomes in functional cosmetics.Fitoterapia .1994;65(5):320-27.
- Hikino H, Kiso Y,Wagner H, Fiebig M. Antihepatotoxic actions of flavonolignans from Silybum marianum fruits. Planta Med. 1984; 50:248-250.
- Yanyu X, Yunmei S, Zhipeng C, Quineng P. The preparation of Silybin-phospholipidcomplex and the study on its pharmacokinetics in rats. Int J Pharm.2006;307 (1):77-82.
- Tedesco D, Steidler S, Galletti S, Tameni M, Sonzogni O, Ravarotto L. Efficacy of silymarinphospholipid complex in reducing the toxicity of aflatoxin B1 in broiler chicks. Poult Sci. 2004; 83 (11):1839-43.
- Busby A, Grange LL, Edwards J, Kings J.The use of a silymarin/phospholipids compound as a feto protectant from ethanol-induced behavioral deficits.J Herb Pharmaco ther. 2002;2 (1) :39-47.
- Grange LL, Wang M, Watkins R, Ortiz D, Sanchez ME, Konst J, Lee C, Reye E. Protective effects of the flavonoid mixture, silymarin, on fetal rat brain and liver.J Ethnopharmacol.1999;65:53-61.
- Bombardelli E, Spelta M, Della RL, Sosa S, Tubaro A. Aging Skin: Protective effect of silymarin-Phytosome. Fitoterapia .1991; 62(2): 115-22.
- Barzaghi N, Crema F, Gatti G, Pifferi G, Perucca E. Pharmacokinetic studies on IdB 1016, a Silybin phosphatidylcholine complex in healthy human subjects. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinetic. 1990;15:333-38.
- Moscarella S, Giusti A, Marra F, Marena C, Lamper tico C, Relli P. Therapeutic and antilipoperoxidant effects of Silybin phosphatidylcholine complex in chronic liver disease: preliminary result. Curr Ther Res. 1993; 53:98102.
- Available at: http:// www.indena.com AccessedOct.2, 2008.
- Vitamedics, Phytosome Products, Available at http://www.vitamedics.com. Accessed –Sept. 19, 2008.
- Schwitters B, Masquelier J, OPC in practice: Biflavanals and their application. Alfa Omega.Rome Italy.1993.
- Facina RM. Free radicals scavenging action and anti enzyme activities of procyanidins from Vitis vinifera.A mechanism for their capillary protective action.Arzneim Forsch.1994;44:592-601.
- Phospholipids: The vital lipids. Available at: www.phospholipidsonline.com Accessed-Sept 26, 2008.
- Maiti K, Mukherjee K, Gantait A, Ahamed HN, Saha BP, Mukherjee PK. Enhanced therapeutic benefit of quercetin-phospholipid complex in carbon tetrachloride induced acute liver injury in rats: a comparative study. Iran J Pharmacol Ther. 2005;4:84-90.
- Maiti K, Mukherjee K, Gantait A, Saha BP, Mukherjee PK, Curcumin phospholipid complex: Preparation, therapeutic evaluation and pharmacokinetic study in rats. Int J Pharm. Sept. 2006 (In Press).
- Acharya NS, Parihar GV, Acharya SR.Phytosome: Novel approach for delivering herbal extract with improved bioavailability. Pharma Sci Monitor. 2011;2:144-160.
- M. T. Murray. Phytosomes: Herbal Support–Increase the Absorption of Herbal Extracts, Available at www. doctomurray.com/articles/ silybin.htm, 2004
- Kidd PM. Phytosomes: highly bioavailable plant extracts.Available at http://www.indena.com.
- Vitamedics. Phytosome products. Available at http://www.vitamedics.com.
- Joshi A, Chaturvedi S, Kumar V. Phytosomes-a revolution in herbal drugs. Pharma Review. Kongposh Publications;2007.
- Naik SR, Pilgaonkar VW. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Ginkgo biloba phytosomes in rat brain . Phytother Res.2006;20:1013-1016.
- Bombardelli E, Curri SB, Loggia DR. Antiinflammatory activity of 18-beta glycyrrhetinic acid in phytosome form.Fitoterapia.1989;60:29-37.
- Flavonoids: A Potent Substance in Anti-ulcer and Hepatoprotective Agents
Abstract Views :122 |
PDF Views:86
Authors
Affiliations
1 Faculty of Pharmacy, Parul Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, IN
1 Faculty of Pharmacy, Parul Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujarat, IN
Source
Journal of Natural Remedies, Vol 22, No 4 (2022), Pagination: 493-502Abstract
Herbs have been used to treat various diseases in one form or another for the betterment of mankind since the ancient ages. As a result of this usage, the situation gradually deteriorated due to overexploitation, resulting in a decrease in natural resource production. Looking in to the benefits, the flora and fauna were rehabilitees through tissue culture, conservation, plantation and other means to ensure their availability in their natural form. Nature is the best chemist, as it aids in the treatment of ailments and provides the results of them. It is impossible to find any plant that has no medical use. Ulcer and liver diseases are at an alarming rate in the developing countries. A number of drugs, which are in the existing medications for peptic ulcer and hepatic diseases, are on the comeback list due to their adverse effects and drug interactions. Drugs, which are derived from the flora, have an important role in treatment and show a higher rate of acceptance. Flavonoids are the naturally occurring, low-molecular-weight molecules seen mostly distributed in the vegetable kingdom and hold an utmost thurst in declining the generation of reactive oxygen species. Secondary compounds like apigenin, sylimarin, genesis, quercetin, kaempherol and catechins have a significant role in these diseases. This article focuses on the importance of flavonoids, which can serve as potent anti-ulcer and hepatoprotective agents.Keywords
Flavonoids, Herbs, Liver, Secondary Metabolites, Ulcer.References
- Eduardo MS, Eduardo MB, Isela AG, Maria TS, Jose GS, Mirandeli B, Angel MG, Manuel GL, Leopoldo AF and Jose AM. Review of natural products with hepatoprotective effects. World J Gastroenterol. 2014; 20(40):14787-1480. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i40.14787 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i40.14787
- Lin JH and Lu AY. Role of pharmacokinetics and metabolismin drug discovery and development. Pharmacol Rev. 1997; 49:403-449.
- Dong WL, Yun TK, Yu-Jung J, Young-Eon K and Daeseok H. Anti-obesity effect of Artemisia capillaris extracts in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Molecules. 2013; 18:9241- 9252. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18089241 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18089241
- Handa SS and Sharma A. Hepatoprotective activity of Andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata against carbon tetrachloride. Ind. J. Med. Res. 1990; 92:276-92.
- Sharma D and Bhatt S. A compressive review on ulcer potential of medicinal plants. Inter National Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science. 2014; 6(10):829-30.
- Malfertheiner P, Chan FK and McColl KE. Peptic ulcer disease. The Lancet. 2009; 374(9699):1449-1461. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60938-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60938-7
- Dey NC and Dey TK. A text book of pathology. Calcutta: New Central Book Agency. 2002.
- Ward FM and Daly MJ. Hepatic disease. In: Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. New York: Churchill Livingstone. 1999; 195-212.
- Shanani S. Evaluation of hepatoprotective efficacy of APCL-A polyherbal formulation in vivo in rats. Indian Drugs. 1999; 36:628-631.
- Asha VV and Pushpangadan P. Preliminary evaluation of the anti-hepatotoxic activity of Phyllanthus kozhikodianus, Phyllanthus maderspatensis and Solanum indicum. Fitoterapia. 1998; 59:255-259.
- Harshmohan. The liver, biliary tract and exocrine pancreas. Text book of pathology. 4th ed. New Delhi. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd. 2002.
- Gupta KA, Ganguly P, Majumder KU and Ghosal S. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect and steroidal saponins of Solanum xanthocarpum and Solanum nigrum in paracetomol induce hepatotoxicity in rats. Pharmacologyonline. 2009; 1:75.
- Sandhir R and Gill K. Hepatoprotective effects of Liv-52 on ethanol induced liver damage in rats. Ind. J. Expt. Biol. 1999; 37:762-66.
- Kumar CH, Ramesh A, Kumar JNS and Ishaq BM. A review on hepatoprotective activity of medicinal plants. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2011; 2:501-515.
- Subbarayappa V. The roots of ancient medicine: an historical outline. Journal of Biosciences. 2001; 26(2):135-143. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02703637 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02703637
- Girish C and Pradhan SC. Indian herbal medicines in the treatment of liver diseases: problems and promises. Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology. 2012; 26(2):180- 189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-8206.2011.01011.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-8206.2011.01011.x
- Mukherjee P. Quality control of herbal drugs, Business horizons pharmaceutical publisher, New Delhi 4th ed. 2010. 529-541.
- Thamotharan G, Shekar G and Ganesh T. Anti ulcerogenic effects of Lanata camara Linn leaves on in vivo test models in rats. Asian J Pharm Clinical Res. 2010; 3(3):57-60.
- Goodman and Gilman. The pharmacological basis of therapeutics, 9th ed. New York: Mc Graw-Hill. 1996.
- Vinod N, Albina A, Gopalakrishna HN and Dorababu P. Evaluation of the anti-ulcer activity of NR-ANX-C (a polyherbal formulation) in aspirin and pyloric ligature induced gastric ulcers in albino rats. Indian J Med Res. 2010; 132:218-1223.
- Al-Yahya MA, Rafatullah S, Mossa JS and Ageel AM. Gastric anti-secretory, antiulcer and cytoprotective properties of ethanolic extract of Alpinia galangal Willd in Rats. Phytotherapy Res. 1990; 4(3): 112-4. https://doi. org/10.1002/ptr.2650040308 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650040308
- Rang HP. Pharmacology: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier. 2009
- Kokate CK, Purohit AP and Gokhale SB. Pharmacognosy. 13th ed. Pune: NiraliPrakashan Publisher. 2007
- Warrier PK, Nambiar VP and Raman KC. Indian medicinal plants: A compendium of 500 species. Hyderabad: Orient Longman Publisher. 1994.
- Vendrichelvan T, Jegdeesan M, Palaniappan MS, Murali NP and Sasikumar K. Diuretic and anti inflametory activity of Arena lanata in rat. Indian Journal of pharmaceutical science. 2000; 62(4):300-302.
- Rrajesh, Chitra K and Padmaa MP. Aervalanata (Linn) juss ex Shult-An Review. Indian journal of natural product and resources. 2011; 2(1):5-9.
- Consolacion SY, Ragasa MA, Leonora TA, Vincent AS. Maria N, Lorraine G, Bugayong SD. Jacinto WL and Shen CC. Terpenoids and sterol from Aphanamixis polystachya. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 2014; 6(6):65-68.
- Gole MK and Dasgupta S. Role of plant metabolites intoxic liver injury. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002; 11:48-50. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-6047.2002.00265.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-6047.2002.00265.x
- Kazemi S, Asgary S, Moshtaghian J, Rafieian M, Adelnia A and Shamsi F. Liver-protective effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Allium hirtifolium Boiss. In rats with alloxaninduced di-abetes mellitus. Arya Atheroscler. 2010; 6:11-15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1567-5688(10)70387-1
- Rose P, Whiteman M, Moore PK and Zhu YZ. Bioactive S-alk(en)ylcysteine sulfoxide metabolites in the genus Allium: the chemistry of potential therapeutic agents. Nat. Prod. Rep. 2005; 22:351-368. https://doi.org/10.1039/b417639c DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/b417639c
- Hurkadale PJ, Shelar PA, Palled SG, Mandavkar YD and Khedkar AS. Hepatoprotective activity of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius tubers against paracetamol-induced liver damage in rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2012; 238-242. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S2221-1691(12)60167-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60167-1
- Amagase H, Petesch BL, Matsuura H, Kasuga S and Itakura Y. Intake of garlic and its bioactive components. J. Nutr. 2001; 131:955S-962S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.3.955S DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.3.955S
- Obioha UE, Suru SM, Ola-Mudathir KF and Faremi TY. Hepatoprotective potentials of onion and garlic extracts on cadmium-induced oxidative damage in rats. Biol. Trace. Elem. Res. 209; 129:143-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s12011-008-8276-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-008-8276-7
- Fatehi M, Saleh TM, Fatehi-Hassanabad Z, Farrokhfal K, Jafarzadeh M and Davodi SA. Pharmacological study on Berberis vulgaris fruit extract. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 102:46-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.019
- Domitrovic R, Jakovac H and Blagojevic G. Hepatoprotective activity of berberine is mediated by inhibition of TNF-α, COX-2, and iNOS expression in CCl4-intoxicated mice. Toxicology. 2011; 280:33-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. tox.2010.11.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2010.11.005
- Preethi KC and Kuttan R. Hepato and reno protective action of Calendula officinalis L. flower extract. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 2009; 47:163-168.
- Valan MF, Britto AJD and Venkataraman R. Phytoconstituents with hepatoprotective activity. Int. J. Chem. Sci. 2010; 8(3):1421-1432.
- Bartalis J. Hepatoprotective activity of cucurbitacin [dissertation]. Brookings: South Dakota State University. 2005.
- Altas S, Kizil G, Kizil M, Ketani A and Haris PI. Protective effect of Diyarbakir watermelon juice on carbon tetrachloride- induced toxicity in rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2011; 49:2433-2438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.064 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2011.06.064
- Balasubramaniam P, Pari L and Menon VP. Protective effect of carrot (Daucus carota L.) against lindaneinduced hepatotoxicity in rats. Phytotherapy Research. 1998; 12:434-436. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099- 1573(199809)12:6<434::AID-PTR310>3.0.CO;2-U DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199809)12:6<434::AID-PTR310>3.0.CO;2-U
- Vasudevan M, Gunnam KK and Parle M. Antinociceptive and anti- inflammatory properties of Daucus carota seeds extract. J. Health Sci. 2006; 52:598-606. https://doi. org/10.1248/jhs.52.598 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1248/jhs.52.598
- Srivastava A and Shivanandappa T. Hepatoprotective effect of the aqueous extract of the roots of Decalepis hamiltonii against ethanol-induced oxidative stress in rats. Hepatology Research. 2006; 35:267-275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hepres. 2006.04.011 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hepres.2006.04.011
- Harish R, Divakar S, Srivastava A and Shivanand T. Isolation of Antioxidant Compounds from the Methanolic Extract of the Roots of Decalepis hamiltonii(Wight and Arn.). J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005; 53:7709-7714. https://doi.org/10.1021/ jf051047c DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jf051047c
- Singh B, Saxena AK, Chandan BK, Agarwal SG, Bhatia MS and Anand KK. Hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Eclipta alba on experimental liver damage in rats and mice. Phytotherapy Research. 1993; 7:154-158. https://doi. org/10.1002/ptr.2650070212 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650070212
- Hewawasam RP, Jayatilaka KAPW, Pathirana C and Mudduwa LKB. Hepatoprotective effect of Epaltes divaricata extract on carbon tetrachloride induce d hepatotoxicity in mice. Indian J Med Res. 2004; 120:30-34.
- Rusu MA, Tamas M, Puica C, Roman I and Sabadas M. The hepatoprotective action of ten herbal extracts in CCl4 intoxicated liver. Phytotherapy Research. 2005; 19:744-749. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1625 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1625
- Tasduq SA, Kaisar P, Gupta DK, Kapahi BK, Jyotsna S Maheshwari HS and Johri RK. Protective effect of a 50 hydroalcoholic fruit extract of Emblica officinalis against anti-tuberculosis drugs induced liver toxicity. Phytotherapy Research. 2005; 19:193-197. https://doi.org/10.1002/ ptr.1631 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.1631
- Ozturk Y, Aydin S, Baser KHC, Kirimer N and Kurtar O. Hepatoprotective activity of Hypericum perforatum L. alcoholic extract in rodents. Phytotherapy Research. 1992; 6:44-46. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650060111 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650060111
- Ki HK, Young HK, Kang R and Lee. Isolation of hepatoprotective phenylpropanoid from Lactuca indica. Natural Product Sciences. 2010; 16(1):6-9.
- Shah PP and Mello PMD. A review of medicinal uses and pharmacological effect of M enthapiperita. Natural product radiance. 2014; 3(4):214-221.
- Salam OM, Sleem AA, Omara EA and Hassan NS. Hepatoprotective effects of misoprostol and silymarin on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage in rats. Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol. 2009; 23:179-188. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1472-8206.2008.00654.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-8206.2008.00654.x
- Kim SH, Cheon HJ, Yun N, Oh ST, Shin E, Shim KS and Lee SM. Protective effect of a mixture of Aloe vera and Silybum marianum against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatotoxicity and liver fibrosis. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2009; 109:119-127. https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.08189FP DOI: https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.08189FP
- Fallah H, Zarrei M, Ziai M, Mehrazma M, Alavian SM and Kianbakht S. The effects of Taraxacum officinale L. and Berberis vulgaris L. root extracts on carbon tetrachloride induced liver toxicity in rats. J. Med. Plants. 2010; 9:45-52.
- Mahesh A, Jeyachandran R, Cindrella L, Thangadurai D, Veerapur V and Muralidhara Rao D. Hepatocurative potential of sesquiterpene lactones of Taraxacum officinale on carbon tetrachloride induced liver toxicity in mice. Acta Biol. Hung. 2010; 61:175-190. https://doi.org/10.1556/ ABiol.61.2010.2.6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/ABiol.61.2010.2.6
- Kondaveeti SB, Ivvala AS, Dadduru K, Basha SS and Sailaja I. Indigenious effect of cynodondectylon in experimental induced ulcer and gastric secretion. Internal Research Journal of Pharmacy. 2012; 3(5):301-304.
- Gill NS and Bali M. Isolation of antiulcer Cucurbitane type triterpenoids from the seed of Cucurbita pepo. Research Journal of Phytochemistry. 2011; 5(2):72-79. https://doi. org/10.3923/rjphyto.2011.70.79 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3923/rjphyto.2011.70.79
- Khaja Z, Mangamoori LN, Muna A and Mohammed I. Evaluation of antiulcer activity of Boswellia serrata bark extracts using aspirin induced ulcer model in albino rats. J. Med. Allied Sci. 2011; 1(1):14 -20.
- Margaret OS and Adepero OA. Antinociceptive and antiulcer activities of Pycnanthusangolensis, Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia. 2015; 25:252-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. bjp.2015.05.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2015.05.004
- Arulmozhi S, Papiya MM, Sathiyanarayanan L and Prasad A. Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcerogenic activities of fractions from Alstonia scholaris. Pharmacologia. 2012; 3:132-7. https://doi.org/10.5567/pharmacologia. 2012.132.137 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5567/pharmacologia.2012.132.137
- Bhatnagar M and Sisodia SS. Antisecretory and antiulcer activity of Asparagus racemosus against indomethacin plus phyloric ligation-induced gastric ulcer in rats. J. Herb. Pharmacother. 2006; 6(1):13-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/ J157v06n01_02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/J157v06n01_02
- Chattopadhyay I, Nandi B, Chatterjee R, Biswas K, Bandyopadhyay U and Banerjee RK. Mechanism of antiulcer effect of Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract: effect on H+-K+-ATPase, oxidative damage and apoptosis. Inflammo. Pharma. 2004; 12(2):153-76. https://doi. org/10.1163/1568560041352257 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/1568560041352257
- Kottaimuthu R. Ethnobotany of the Valaiyans of Karandamalai, Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu. Ethnobotanical Leaflets. 2009; 12:195-203.
- Ramesh L and Ranirukmini RK. Antiulcerogenic study of different extracts of Butea frondosa Roxb in albino mice. J. Pharmacog. 2010; 1(1):6-9.
- Rajkapoor B, Jayakar B, Anandar R and Kavinani S. Antiulcer activity of Bauhinia variegata Linn. Journal of Natural Remedies. 2003; 3(2):215-217.
- Srivastava S, Jiaswal J, Gautam H, Sharma S and Rao CHV. Antiulcer activity of methanolic extract of Hibiscus rosasinensis leaves. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm Sci. 2013; 5(3):829-30.
- Mitra PK. Comparative Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Activity of Root Stem and Leave of Murrya koenigii (Linn.) Spreng in Rats. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies. 2013; 1(3):158- 165. https://doi.org/10.14259/pm.v1i1.12 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14259/pm.v1i1.12
- Dharmani P, Kulchibhota VK, Mauriya R, Srivastav S, Sharma S and Patil G. Evaluation of anti ulcerogenic and ulcer healiung property of Ocium sanctum Linn. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2004; 93:197-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.02.029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.02.029
- Verma VK, Singh N, Saxena P and Singh R. Anti-Ulcer and Antioxidant Activity of Moringa oleifera (Lam) Leaves against Aspirin and Ethanol Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rats. Res. J. of Pharmaceuticals. 2012; 2(2):46-57.
- Sasajima M, Nakane S, Saziki R, Saotome H, Hatayama K, Kyogoku K and Tanaka I. Studies on the anti-ulcer effects of isoprenyl flavonoids. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi. 1978; 74(8):897-905. https://doi.org/10.1254/fpj.74.897 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1254/fpj.74.897
- Vahid N, Ehsan A, Mostafa M, Hadi KG and Amina J. Antiulcer Properties of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Extract on experimental models of gastric ulcer in Mice. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 2015; 14 (4):1163- 1170.
- Tumova L, Rimakova J, Tuma J and Dusek J. Silybum marianum in vitro flavonolignan production. Plant Soil Environ. 2006; 52(10):454-8. https://doi.org/10.17221/3466-PSE DOI: https://doi.org/10.17221/3466-PSE
- Rainova L, Nakov N, Bogdanova S, Minkov E and Staneva Stoytcheva D. Ulceroprotective activity of the avonoids of Genistarumelica Vel. Phytother Res. 1988; 2:137-139. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650020307 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650020307
- Rao CV, Ojha SK, Radhakrishnan K, Govindarajan R, Rastogi S, Mehrotra S and Pushpangadan PJ. Antiulcer activity of Utleria salicifolia rhizome extract. Ethnopharmacol. 2004; 91(2):243-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2003.12.020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2003.12.020
- Willoughby GA and Hayward AC. Degradation of delignified Eucalyptus maculate by Cellvibrio mixtus. Letters in Applied Microbiology. 1988; 6(5):99-103. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.1988.tb01224.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.1988.tb01224.x
- Goel RK and Pendey VK. Anti-inflammatory and antiulcer effects of kaempferol, a flavone, isolated from Rhamnus procumbens. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 1988; 26:121-24.
- Konan NA and Bacchi EM. Antiulcerogenic effect and acute toxicity of a hydroethanolic extract from the cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) leaves. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007; 112(2):237-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.03.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.03.003
- Adeleye OE, Okediran BS, Rahman SA and Ajibola ES. Effect of intragastric administration of crude aqueous leaf extract of Anacardium occidentale on gastric acid secretion in rats. Niger J. Physiol. Sci. 2010; 25(1):59-62.
- Barnaulov OD, Manicheva OA, Zapesochnaya GG, Shelyuto VL and Glyzin VI. Effects of certain flavonoids on the ulcerogenic action of reserpine in mice. Khim. Farm. Zh. 1982; 16:300-303. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00777270 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00777270
- Salama MM, Ezzat SM and Sleem AA. A new hepatoprotective flavone glycoside from the flowers of Onopordum alexandrinum growing in Egypt. Z. Naturforsch C. 2011; 66(5-6):251-259. https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2011-5-608 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2011-5-608
- Okuyama E, Yamazaki M and Ishii Y. Isolation and identification of ursolic acid-related compounds as the principles of glechoma hederacea having an antiulcerogenic activity. Shoyakugaku Zasshi. 1983; 37:52-55.
- Wollenweber E, Dorr M and Rustiyan A. Doremaaucheri, the first umbelliferous plant found to produce exudate flavonoids. Phytochem. 1995; 38:1417. https://doi. org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)00840-P DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(94)00840-P
- Majid AS, Najme KF, Nafiseh A, Ali F, Ebrahim AA and Mahmoud RK. Medicinal plants with hepatoprotective activity in Iranian folk medicine. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2015; 5(2):146-157 https://doi. org/10.1016/S2221-1691(15)30159-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(15)30159-3
- Xi Chen. Protective effects of quercetin on liver injury induced by ethanol. Pharmacognosy Magazine. 2010; 6 (22):136-141. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.62900 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.62900